(Bloomberg) -- General Motors Co. and Toyota Motor Corp.dominated J.D. Power’s latest U.S. vehicle dependabilitystudy, as auto owners reported more problems overall because oftechnologies including voice recognition and navigationsystems.

GM landed three brands in the top 10 and had the leading vehiclein eight categories, more than any other automaker. Toyota’s Lexusluxury division captured the No. 1 spot for the fifth year in arow, the company’s namesake brand ranked fourth and six of itsmodels led their categories. The market research firm’s annualstudy is based on reports from owners after three years.

The study, released Wednesday, is a benchmark watched byautomakers and consumers. J.D. Power again cited technology issuesas the industry average rose to 152 problems per 100 vehicles, from147 a year earlier. Infotainment, navigation and in-vehiclecommunications systems now account for 20% of all issues reportedby customers, the firm said in a statement.

“In the context of conversations around autonomous vehicles, theindustry clearly has more work to do to secure the trust ofconsumers,” Renee Stephens, vice president of U.S. automotive atJ.D. Power, said in the statement. “If consumers can’t rely ontheir vehicle to connect to their smartphone, or have faith thattheir navigation system will route them to their destination,they’re certainly not yet ready to trust that autonomous technology will keep their vehicleout of the ditch.”

Cadillac was the only one of GM’s four brands not to rank in thetop 10. The company’s Buick Verano, Chevrolet Malibu, ChevroletCamaro and Buick LaCrosse cars; Buick Encore, Chevrolet Equinox andGMC Yukon sport utility vehicles; and Chevrolet Silverado HD pickupwere rated highest in their catagories.

Owners of Toyota’s Lexus reported 95 problems per 100 vehicles,the lowest rate for any brand. The company’s models that rankedbest in their categories were the Lexus ES and Lexus GS cars, theToyota Prius v, the Lexus GS SUV, the Toyota Sienna minivan and theToyota Tundra pickup.

Recall pain

The 2016 J.D. Power study comes amid the recall of millions of vehicles to replacepotentially defective Takata Corp. air bags, which can deploywith too much force, spraying shrapnel at passengers. The bags arethe subject of the largest automotive safety recall in U.S. historyand have been linked to at least 10 deaths.

At the same time, Volkswagen AG’s namesake brand has been working outits own recall plan with U.S. regulators after the companyadmitted to installing devices meant to defeat emissions tests.Volkswagen has stopped deliveries of most of its diesel-poweredvehicles in the aftermath of the scandal. The Volkswagen brand’snumber of problems per 100 vehicles rose to 169 from 165 a yearearlier and again was below the industry average.

“The decline in reliability coupled with a record number ofvehicle recalls and safety-related complaints affect consumerconfidence,” Stephens said. “Dependability has a direct impact onpurchase decisions and brand loyalty.”

J.D. Power’s study found that 55% of owners who experienced noproblems with their vehicle ended up buying from the same brandagain, while just 41% of owners who experienced three or moreproblems with their vehicle stayed with the same brand for theirnext purchase.

The research firm, a unit of McGraw Hill Financial Inc., said itcollected responses from October through December from 33,560original owners of 2013-model vehicles. The study ranked 32 brands.The list didn’t include Jaguar or Tesla because of small samplesize.

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