The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York ruled that lessees were not permissive users under a lessor's policy in Tokio Marine and Fire Ins. Co. v. Sortino, No. 02 CV 7519RLC, 2005 WL 3543698 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 28, 2005).

Joseph and Christine Sortino leased a vehicle from Potamkin Toyota, which assigned all their rights under the lease to Toyota Motor Credit Corporation (TMCC).